Description: Vertebrate animals occupy every continent, from the tops of mountains to the depths of the oceans. Through evolution, they have adapted to life at extremes of heat, cold, elevation, low oxygen tension, pressure, drought, flood, and famine. Here, we use a comparative approach to view analogous physiological systems among vertebrates. You will learn how animals are adapted to their environments, including how they meet their energy needs, take up and transport oxygen, and maintain hydration and salt balance. The high structure course design incorporates evidence-based teaching strategies. Class time focuses on interactive learning through group work where you discuss readings and apply content to explore physiological mechanisms. Cross-list: BIOS 340. Mutually Exclusive: Cannot register for BIOS 540 if student has credit for BIOS 340.